{"id":166,"date":"2019-03-18T00:47:37","date_gmt":"2019-03-17T22:47:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/?p=166"},"modified":"2019-03-20T23:06:33","modified_gmt":"2019-03-20T21:06:33","slug":"how-your-electric-kettle-knows-when-it-boils","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/2019\/03\/18\/how-your-electric-kettle-knows-when-it-boils\/","title":{"rendered":"How your electric kettle knows when it boils"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Have you ever thought about how a kettle turns off when it boils? Or maybe, how it turns off when you forget to pour water into it?<br>It there any thermometers? Not quite.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To understand what actually clicks inside, let&#8217;s take two separate plates of the same size but made of different metals. One of brass and other of steel:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2 wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/plates_separate_3d.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"399\" height=\"282\" src=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/plates_separate_3d.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"175\" data-link=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/plates_separate_3d\/\" class=\"wp-image-175\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/plates_separate_3d.png 399w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/plates_separate_3d-350x247.png 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 399px) 85vw, 399px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/plates_separate.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"476\" height=\"338\" src=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/plates_separate.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"178\" data-link=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/plates_separate\/\" class=\"wp-image-178\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/plates_separate.png 476w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/plates_separate-350x249.png 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 476px) 85vw, 476px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8230; and heat them:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2 wp-block-gallery-3 is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/plates_separate_extended_3d.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"564\" height=\"171\" src=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/plates_separate_extended_3d.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"176\" data-link=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/plates_separate_extended_3d\/\" class=\"wp-image-176\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/plates_separate_extended_3d.png 564w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/plates_separate_extended_3d-350x106.png 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 564px) 85vw, 564px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/plates_separate_extended.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"517\" height=\"157\" src=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/plates_separate_extended.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"177\" data-link=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/plates_separate_extended\/\" class=\"wp-image-177\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/plates_separate_extended.png 517w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/plates_separate_extended-350x106.png 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 517px) 85vw, 517px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>What is the reason that they have increased by a different amount?<br>The key is a coefficient of linear thermal expansion. It&#8217;s 19\u00d710<sup>-6<\/sup> K<sup>-1<\/sup> for brass and about 12\u00d710<sup>-6<\/sup> for steel. That means that if both plates are heated the same degree, the brass plate expands 1.5 times more than the steel one.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, let&#8217;s weld these plates together and heat them again. The brass piece still tends to expand more than steel one. And since they&#8217;re welded, we gonna see the following picture:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2 wp-block-gallery-5 is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/plates_joined_curved_3d.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"125\" height=\"478\" src=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/plates_joined_curved_3d.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"174\" data-link=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/plates_joined_curved_3d\/\" class=\"wp-image-174\"\/><\/a><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/plated_joined_curved.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"123\" height=\"496\" src=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/plated_joined_curved.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"173\" data-link=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/plated_joined_curved\/\" class=\"wp-image-173\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/plated_joined_curved.png 123w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/plated_joined_curved-87x350.png 87w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 123px) 85vw, 123px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Here we can see one of the properties of bimetallic objects \u2014 they change their shape when heated. It&#8217;s useful in many appliances, e.g. in mechanical clocks, thermometers, thermostats, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/thermometer.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"350\" height=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/thermometer-350x310.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-179\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/thermometer-350x310.png 350w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/thermometer.png 629w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 85vw, 350px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>But let&#8217;s get back to our kettle. What does it consist of?<br>The body, the heating element and\u2026 some electronics? Wait, we&#8217;ve already known about bimetals, so no semiconductors are needed. It&#8217;s controlled by two small plates: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/two_disks.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"2592\" height=\"1582\" src=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/two_disks.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-164\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/two_disks.jpg 2592w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/two_disks-350x214.jpg 350w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/two_disks-768x469.jpg 768w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/two_disks-1200x732.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 1362px) 62vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This one comes into action when water boils:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-7 is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_boil_2.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1732\" height=\"1332\" src=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_boil_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"155\" data-link=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/disk_boil_2\/\" class=\"wp-image-155\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_boil_2.jpg 1732w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_boil_2-350x269.jpg 350w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_boil_2-768x591.jpg 768w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_boil_2-1200x923.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 1362px) 62vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_boil_1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1732\" height=\"1332\" src=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_boil_1.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"154\" data-link=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/disk_boil_1\/\" class=\"wp-image-154\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_boil_1.jpg 1732w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_boil_1-350x269.jpg 350w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_boil_1-768x591.jpg 768w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_boil_1-1200x923.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 1362px) 62vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>As you can see, when you press the button, the plate curves and closes electrical contacts. When it&#8217;s heated enough, it curves back and breaks a circuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But there&#8217;s no need to fine-tune the characteristics of the plate to make it turn off the kettle exactly at 100 \u00b0C (212 \u00b0F), as it doesn&#8217;t contact the water. It&#8217;s heated by steam that passes through the hole under the lid. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/hole.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"2592\" height=\"1944\" src=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/hole.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/hole.jpg 2592w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/hole-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/hole-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/hole-1200x900.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 1362px) 62vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The temperature doesn&#8217;t matter because steam appears only when the water boils. Pretty smart device, huh? It will work just fine even on Everest, where the water boils at 68 \u00b0C (154 \u00b0F).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/kettle.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1025\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/kettle.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-172\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/kettle.png 1025w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/kettle-350x341.png 350w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/kettle-768x749.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 1362px) 62vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The second plate contacts the heating element. It prevents overheating of the element in case you turned on the empty kettle and saves your kitchen from the fire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-9 is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_element_1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"2592\" height=\"1944\" src=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_element_1.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"182\" data-link=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/disk_element_1\/\" class=\"wp-image-182\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_element_1.jpg 2592w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_element_1-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_element_1-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_element_1-1200x900.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 1362px) 62vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_element_2.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"2592\" height=\"1944\" src=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_element_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"183\" data-link=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/disk_element_2\/\" class=\"wp-image-183\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_element_2.jpg 2592w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_element_2-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_element_2-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/disk_element_2-1200x900.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 1362px) 62vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p> That&#8217;s why you sound a click in this case and why you can&#8217;t turn the kettle on again for a next few seconds \u2014 the bimetal plate needs some time to cool down enough to curve back.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And despite these photos are 15 years old, be sure &#8211; your new shiny Wi-Fi kettle works the same, even if its thermostat looks differently.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Have you ever thought about how a kettle turns off when it boils? Or maybe, how it turns off when you forget to pour water into it?It there any thermometers? Not quite. To understand what actually clicks inside, let&#8217;s take two separate plates of the same size but made of different metals. One of brass &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/2019\/03\/18\/how-your-electric-kettle-knows-when-it-boils\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;How your electric kettle knows when it boils&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":184,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.10 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How your electric kettle knows when it boils - 3D Nikita<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/ru\/2019\/03\/18\/how-your-electric-kettle-knows-when-it-boils\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How your electric kettle knows when it boils\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Have you ever thought about how a kettle turns off when it boils? Or maybe, how it turns off when you forget to pour water into it?It there any thermometers? Not quite. To understand what actually clicks inside, let&#8217;s take two separate plates of the same size but made of different metals. One of brass &hellip; Continue reading &quot;How your electric kettle knows when it boils&quot;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/ru\/2019\/03\/18\/how-your-electric-kettle-knows-when-it-boils\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"3D Nikita\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-03-17T22:47:37+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-03-20T21:06:33+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/kettle_featured-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1364\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1365\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"nikita\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"nikita\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/ru\/2019\/03\/18\/how-your-electric-kettle-knows-when-it-boils\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/ru\/2019\/03\/18\/how-your-electric-kettle-knows-when-it-boils\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"nikita\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/f0d363eb0dbe2d99faf403152bdeda80\"},\"headline\":\"How your electric kettle knows when it boils\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-03-17T22:47:37+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-03-20T21:06:33+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/ru\/2019\/03\/18\/how-your-electric-kettle-knows-when-it-boils\/\"},\"wordCount\":1106,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/ru\/2019\/03\/18\/how-your-electric-kettle-knows-when-it-boils\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/ru\/2019\/03\/18\/how-your-electric-kettle-knows-when-it-boils\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/3dnikita.com\/blog\/ru\/2019\/03\/18\/how-your-electric-kettle-knows-when-it-boils\/\",\"name\":\"[:en]How your electric kettle knows when it boils[:uk]\u0417\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0454, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u043d \u0441\u043a\u0438\u043f\u0456\u0432[:ru]\u041e\u0442\u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043f\u0435\u043b[:] - 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